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Are you curious about the processes involved in extracting crude oil and converting it into usable fuel? Well, today we are going to discuss the process of Fractional Distillation of Petroleum, which is the backbone of the oil industry. To make understanding easier, let me break it down.

Fractional Distillation of Petroleum:

Crude oil is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, which needs refining before it can be used as a fuel. Refining involves the process of Fractional Distillation.

The first step of Fractional Distillation involves heating the crude oil. The boiling point of different hydrocarbons in crude oil is different. By heating, the crude oil is vaporized, and it rises through the fractional distillation column.

Inside the column, there are many trays which have different temperatures set to them. The temperature difference in each tray is what separates the hydrocarbons and condenses them into liquids, each having a different density and boiling point.

The lighter hydrocarbons, such as propane, are condensed at the top of column, while heavier hydrocarbons, such as bitumen, are condensed at the bottom. The fractions differ mainly in their molecular size and boiling point.

Uses of Fractional Distillation:

The different fractions extracted from the fractional distillation process are used as fuels, industrial chemicals, and other products. Let’s have a look at some of their uses.

Kerosene:

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons that has a boiling point range between 150°C to 300°C and is used as aviation fuel, domestic heating, and as a fuel in jet engines.

Petroleum Gas:

Also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

Diesel:

A middle distillate fraction, which is used as fuel for diesel-powered vehicles, generators, industrial engines, and in trucks and buses.

Petrol:

Petrol is a high-density fraction consisting of mainly small chains of hydrocarbons and is the main fuel used in gasoline-powered internal combustion engines in automobiles.

Heavy Fuel Oil:

Heavy fuel oil is used for industrial purposes such as manufacturing, electricity generation, heating, and as a fuel in marine engines.

So, this was an overview of Fractional Distillation and the various uses of the fractions extracted. It is essential to have a basic understanding of how the industry works and contributes to our daily lives.

Until next time, stay curious and informed!

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